Christmas in Ritual and Tradition: Part II. Pagan Survivals: Index
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Christmas in Ritual and Tradition , by Clement A. Miles, [1912], at sacred-texts.com
Abbots Bromley, horn-dance at, 201
Abruzzi, All Souls’ Eve in, 192 ;
“Adam,” drama, 127
Adam and Eve, their Day, 271
Adam of St. Victor, 33
“Adeste, fideles,” 63
Advent, 90 ;
“Advent images,” 118 ;
Klöpfelnächte , 216
Alexandria, pagan rites at, 20
All Saints’ Day, and the cult of the dead, 173 ,
189
All Souls’ Day, and the cult of the dead, 173 ,
181 ,
189
Alsace, Christkind in, 230 ;
Alsso of Brĕvnov, 183
Ambrose, St., 31
Amburbale , 353
Amiens, Feast of Fools at, 305
Anatolius, St., hymn of, 100
Ancestor-worship, 181 ,
253 ,
290 ,
341
Andrew, St., his Day, 173 ,
213 ,
277
Animals, carol of, 69 ;
ox and ass at the Nativity, 155 ;
cult of, 174 ;
masks of, 175 ,
199 ;
on Christmas Eve, 233 ;
specially fed at Christmas, 289 ;
wassailing, 346
Ansbach, Martinmas in, 206
Antwerp, soul-cakes at, 194 ;
St. Martin at, 206 ;
St. Thomas's Day at, 224
Apples, customs with, 195 ,
207 ,
278
Ara Coeli, Rome, 115
Ardennes, St. Thomas's Day in, 224
Armenian Church, Epiphany in, 22
Artemis and St. Nicholas, 218
Aryan and pre-Aryan customs, 163
Aschenklas, 219 ,
231
Ashes, superstition about, 258
Ass, Prose of the, 304
Athens, New Year in, 331
Aubrey, J., 308
Augury, 182 ,
195 ,
214 ,
225 ,
237 ,
321
Augustine, St. (of Canterbury), 21 ,
179
Aurelian, 23
Austria, Christmas poetry in, 45 ;
Christmas drama in, 143 ;
soul-cakes in, 194 ;
St. Nicholas in, 218 ;
St. Lucia's Eve in, 223 ;
St. Thomas's Eve in, 225 ;
Frau Perchta, etc., in, 241 ,
342 ;
Sylvester in, 274 .
See also Bohemia, Carinthia, Styria, Tyrol
Awdlay, John, 47
Bach, J. S., 73
Baden, All Souls’ Eve in, 192
Balder, 273
Baptism of Christ, celebrated at Epiphany, 20 ,
101
Barbara, St., her festival, 268
Bari, festival of St. Nicholas at, 221
Barring out the master, 224
Bartel, 219
Basil, St., his festival, 331
Basilidians, 21
Basle, Council of, 305
Bavaria, St. Martin's rod in, 207 ;
Christmas-trees in, 266 ;
sacrificial feast in, 286 ;
St. John's wine in, 314
Beauvais, Feast of the Ass at, 305
Bede, Venerable, 181 ,
203 p. 392 Bees on Christmas Eve, 234
Befana, 244 ,
278 ,
343
Belethus, Johannes, 302
Belgium, All Souls’ Eve in, 192 ,
194 ;
St. Hubert's Day in, 202 ;
Martinmas in, 204 ;
St. Catherine's Day in, 213 ;
St. Nicholas in, 219 ;
St. Thomas's Day in, 224
Bentzon, Madame Th., 96
Berchta. See Perchta
Berlin, pyramids in, 266 ;
Bernard, St., of Clairvaux, 33
Berry, cake customs in, 287 ,
339
Bethlehem, Christmas at, 94 ,
107
Biggar, bonfires at, 327
Bilfinger, Dr. G., 172
Birds fed at Christmas, 289
Blindman's buff, 293
Boar's head, 284 ,
348
Bohemia, the “star” in, 152 ;
fifteenth-century Christmas customs in, 183 ;
St. Andrew's Eve in, 215 ;
St. Thomas's Eve in, 224
Boniface, St., 171
Boy Bishop, 212 ,
306 ;
connection with St. Nicholas, 220 ,
307
“Breast-strip” rites, 328
Breviary, the Roman, 90
Briid, 354
Brimo, 21
Brittany, Herod play in, 141 ;
Magi actors in, 151 ;
All Souls’ Eve in, 191 ;
Christmas Eve superstitions in, 233 ,
236 ;
Christmas log in, 256 ;
New Year in, 323 ;
aguillanneuf in, 330 ;
weather superstition in, 332
Brixen, cradle-rocking at, 111
Brixlegg, Christmas play at, 143 f.
Bromfield, Cumberland, barring out the master at, 224
Brough, Westmoreland, Twelfth Night tree at, 270
Brunnen, Epiphany at, 341
Budelfrau, 220
Burchardus of Worms, 181
Burford, Christmas holly at, 275
Burghead, “Clavie” at, 327
Burns, Robert, 197
“Bush, burning the,” 346
Buzebergt, 220
Byrom, John, 84
Caballero, Fernan, 66 ,
117 ,
151
Caesarius of Arles, 170 ,
181
Cakes, “feasten,” 177 ;
Calabrian minstrels, 112
Calamy, 185
Caligula, 168
Callander, Hallowe'en at, 198
Cambridge, St. Clement's Day at, 212
Canada, Christmas Eve superstition in, 234
Candlemas, 350 ,
352
Candles, on St. Lucia's Day, 212 ;
Cards, Christmas, 279
Carinthia, St. Stephen's Day in, 312
Carnival, 300 ,
349
Carols, meaning of the word, 47 ;
English sacred, 47 ,
76 ,
84 ;
Welsh, 69 ;
Irish, 69 ;
Highland, 70
Catholicism and Christmas, 27 ,
186
Celtic New Year, 172 ,
189 ,
195 ,
203 ,
321
Centaurs, 247
Cereal sacraments, 177 .
Chambers, Mr. E. K., 5 ,
125 ,
299 ,
302 ,
348
Charlemagne, coronation of, 96
Charms, New Year, 182 ,
195 ,
321
Cheshire, Old Hob in, 199 ;
poultry specially fed at Christmas, 289
Chester plays, 128 ,
133
Chesterton, Mr. G. K., 85
Childermas, 315
Children's festivals, 205 ,
218 ,
223 ,
359
China, New Year in, 324
Chios, Christmas rhamna in, 270
Christkind as gift-bringer, 205 ,
230 ,
277
Christmas, pagan and Christian elements in, 18 ,
161 ,
357 ;
names of, 20 ;
establishment of, 20 ;p. 393 its connection with earlier festivals, 20 ;
becomes humanized, 25 ,
34 ;
in poetry, 31 ;
liturgical aspects of, 89 ;
in popular devotion, 104 ;
in drama, 121 ;
its human appeal, 155 ,
357 ;
attracts customs from other festivals, 173 ,
226 ,
277 ,
284 ;
decorations, 178 ,
272 ;
feasting, 178 ,
283 ;
presents, 276 ;
masking customs, 297 ;
log, see Yule Log
Christmas Eve, 229 ;
superstitions about the supernatural, 233 ;
log customs, 251 ;
fish supper on, 286
Christmas-tree, 168 ,
178 ,
263 ;
Christpuppe, 231
Chrysostom, 269
Church, Dean, 34
Circumcision, Feast of, 101 ,
302 .
Clement, St., his Day, 211
Cleobury Mortimer, curfew at, 258
Clermont, shepherd play at, 141
Coffin, Charles, 64
Communion, sacrificial, 174
“Comte d'Alsinoys,” 56 ,
58
Cornwall, Hallowe'en custom in, 196 ;
blackbird pie in, 293 ;
Childermas in, 315
Coventry plays, 128 ,
130 ,
138
Cradle-rocking, 108
Crashaw, 79
Crib, Christmas, 105 ,
113 ;
possible survivals in England, 118 ,
274
Crimmitschau, 112
Crivoscian customs, 231 ,
253 ,
276 ,
346
Croatia, St. Andrew's Eve in, 215 ;
Christmas log customs in, 251
Cronia , 166
Dalmatia, Yule log customs in, 252
Dancing, 47 ,
293 ,
298 ,
302
Daniel, Jean, 56 ,
58
Dannhauer, J. K., 265
Dasius, St., 167
Dead, feasts of the, 173 ,
180 ,
189 ,
235 ,
240 ,
253 ,
341
Decorations, evergreen, 168 ,
178 ,
350 ,
355
Denisot, Nicholas, 56 ,
58
Denmark, “star-singing” in, 151 ;
animal masks in, 202 ;
Martinmas goose in, 203 ;
St. Lucia's Eve in, 223 ;
St. Thomas's Day in, 223 ;
Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235 ;
Yule candles in, 259 ;
Christmas-tree in, 267 ;
pig's head eaten in, 286 ;
Yule-bishop in, 308
Derbyshire, “kissing-bunch” in, 274 ;
Devil, and beast masks, 202 ;
Devon, “Yeth hounds” in, 240 ;
“ashton faggot” in, 258 ;
wassailing fruit-trees in, 345
Dew, Christmas, 288
Dickens, Charles, 359
Dinan, Herod play at, 141
Dionysus, as child-god, 21 ;
Dorstone, Hallowe'en at, 197
Drama, Christmas, in Latin, 121 ;
in English, 128 ;
in French, 128 ,
138 ;
in Spanish, 128 ,
148 ;
in German, 143 ;
in Italian, 147 ,
150 ;
survivals of, 150 ;
St. Nicholas plays, 220 ,
232 ;
pagan folk-drama, 298
Drinking customs, 36 ,
204 ,
285 ,
314 ,
327
Druids and mistletoe, 273
Duchesne, Monsignor, 20 ,
24
Durham, Candlemas at, 353
Düsseldorf, Martinmas at, 206
Dyzemas, 315
Eckhart, 42 ,
157
Edinburgh, New Year in, 325
Eiresione , 270
Encina, Juan del, 149
England, Christmas poetry in, 47 ,
76 ;
Midnight Mass in, 99 ;
possible survivals of the Christmas crib in, 118 ,
274 ;
the Nativity in the miracle cycles, 128 ;
“souling” in, 192 ;
Hallowe'en in, 195 ;
Guy Fawkes Day in, 198 ;
animal masks in, 199 ;p. 394 Martinmas in, 203 ;
St. Clement's Day in, 211 ;
St. Catherine's Day in, 212 ;
St. Andrew's Day in, 213 ;
St. Thomas's Day in, 225 ;
Christmas Eve superstitions in, 234 ;
Yule log in, 257 ;
Yule candle in, 259 ;
pyramids and Christmas-trees in, 266 ,
270 ;
the Holy Thorn in, 268 ;
evergreen decorations in, 272 ;
Christmas boxes in, 279 ;
Christmas fare in, 283 ;
sacrificial survivals and Christmas games in, 292 ;
mummers and sword-dancers in, 297 ;
Feast of Fools in, 305 ;
Boy Bishop in, 220 ,
306 ;
St. Stephen's Day in, 292 ,
311 ;
Holy Innocents’ Day in, 315 ;
New Year's Day in, 321 ,
332 ;
Epiphany customs in, 337 ,
345 ;
Candlemas in, 350 ,
353 ;
Rock Day in, 351 ;
Plough Monday in, 352
Ephraem Syrus, 31 ,
239
Epiphanius, 21
Epiphany, early history of the festival, 20 ;
in the Roman Church, 101 ;
in the Greek Church, 102 ;
Blessing of the Waters at, 102 ,
244 ,
246 ,
344 ;
Italian religious ceremonies at, 116 ;
in drama, 125 ;
old German name for, 243 ;
folk customs on, 293 ;
Twelfth Night cakes and kings, 337 ;
expulsion of evils, 341 ;
the Befana and the Magi, 343 ;
wassailing, 345 ;
“Haxey Hood,” 347 ;
farewells to Christmas, 349
Erzgebirge, Christmas plays in, 144 ,
232 ;
St. John's tree in, 269 ;
pfeffern in, 316
Eschenloh, berchten at, 342
Esthonians, All Souls’ Day among, 191
Ethelred, laws of, 21
Etzendorf, St. Martin's rod at, 207
Evans, Sir Arthur, 253
Eves, importance of for festival customs, 196
Expulsion rites, 104 ,
181 ,
217 ,
327 ,
341 ,
344
Fabriano, Gentile da, 148
Fare, Christmas, 283
Feasting, connected with sacrifice, 178 ,
284 ;
at Martinmas, 202 ;
at Christmas, 283 ;
at New Year, 321 ;
at Epiphany, 337
Feien , 231
Feilberg, Dr. H. F., 6 ,
236 ,
313
Festivals, origin and purpose of, 17 ;
relation of pagan and Christian, 19 ,
169
Fire, not given out at Christmas or New Year, 170 ,
257 ;
bonfires, 182 ,
198 ,
204 ,
327 ,
346 ;
new fire lit, 198 ;
Christmas log and ancestor-worship, 251 ;
the Yule log and candle in western Europe, 254 ;
Candlemas fires and lights, 352
“First-foots,” 208 ,
252 ,
323
Fish eaten on Christmas Eve, 287
Flagellants, 146
Flamma, Galvano, 147
Fletcher, Giles, 82
Florence, Nativity plays at, 147 ;
Fools, Feast of, 180 ,
302
Football, 349
Fowler, Dr. W. Warde, 167
France, Christmas poetry in, 55 ;
Midnight Mass in, 96 ;
Christmas drama in, 124 ,
138 ;
All Souls’ Eve in, 191 ;
Christmas Eve superstitions in, 234 ;
Christmas log in, 254 ;
Christmas-tree in, 267 ;
Harvest May in, 271 ;
presents brought by le petit Jésus , 278 ;
Christmas cakes in, 287 ;
Feast of Fools in, 302 ;
Boy Bishop in, 308 ;
Innocents’ Day in, 316 ;
New Year in, 322 ;
aguillanneuf in, 329 ;
Epiphany in, 339 ,
344 ,
349 ;
Candlemas candles in, 353
Francis, St. (of Assisi), and Christmas, 36 ,
105 ,
157 ,
289
Frazer, Dr. J. G., 6 ,
167 ,
180 ,
182 ,
199 ,
276 ,
288 ,
324
Frick, Frau, 241
Frigg, 241
Friuli, All Souls’ Day in, 194
Frumenty, 285
Games, Christmas, 293 p. 395 Gaude, Frau, 241
Gautier, Théophile, 64
Gay, 196
Geese-dancers, 299
Genealogy, chanting of the, 93
George, St., in mummers’ plays, 299
Gerhardt, Paul, 73
Germanicus, 202
Germany, Christmas established in, 21 ;
Christmas poetry in Catholic, 42 ;
Protestant hymns in, 70 ;
Christmas services in, 98 ;
the crib and Kindelwiegen in, 107 ;
Christmas drama in, 143 ;
“star-singing” in, 152 ;
Roman customs in, 171 ;
pre-Christian New Year in, 171 ;
soul-cakes in, 194 ;
the Schimmel and other animal masks in, 199 ;
Martinmas customs in, 202 ;
St. Andrew's Eve in, 214 ;
St. Nicholas in, 218 ,
229 ;
St. Thomas's Eve in, 225 ;
Christmas Eve in, 229 ,
237 ;
Twelve Days superstitions in, 240 ;
Frau Berchta, etc., in, 241 ;
werewolves in, 246 ;
Christmas log in, 256 ;
Christmas-tree in, 263 ,
359 ;
Harvest May in, 271 ;
Christmas presents in, 277 ;
Christmas fare in, 286 ;
sacrificial relics in, 292 ;
St. Stephen's Day in, 312 ,
315 ;
St. John's Day in, 314 ;
Holy Innocents’ Day in, 316 ;
New Year in, 322 ,
332
Gilmorton, “Christmas Vase” at, 118
Glastonbury thorns, 268
“Gloria in excelsis,” 91 ,
94
Goethe, 266
Goliards , 49 ,
128
Gomme, Sir Laurence, 257 ,
354
Goose, Martinmas, 203 ;
Gozzoli, Benozzo, 148
Grampus, 219
Greece, Epiphany ceremonies in, 102 ,
244 ,
344 ;
winter festivals of Dionysus in, 169 ,
245 ;
Kallikantzaroi in, 244 ,
257 ;
Christmas log in, 257 ,
344 ;
rhamna in Chios, 270 ;
“Christ's Loaves” in, 290 ;
folk-plays in, 300 ;
New Year in, 331 ,
333
Greek Church, Epiphany in, 22 ,
102 ;
Christmas in, 22 ,
99 ;
Advent in, 90
Gregorie, 315
Gregory III., 107
Gregory the Great, letter to Mellitus, 179 ,
203
Guernsey, Christmas superstitions in, 234 ,
240 ;
Guisers, 297
Guy Fawkes Day, 182 ,
198
Habergaiss , 201
Habersack , 201
Hakon the Good, 21 ,
172
Hallowe'en, 182 ,
195
Hampstead, Guy Fawkes Day at, 199
Hans Trapp, 230
Hardy, Mr. Thomas, 48 ,
234
Harke, Frau, 241
Harrison, Miss Jane, 21 ,
176 ,
325
“Haxey Hood,” 347
Herbert, George, 81
Herefordshire, Hallowe'en in, 197 ;
pyramids in, 266 ;
Holy Thorn in, 269 ;
New Year water in, 332 ;
Epiphany and New Year ceremonies in, 346
Herod plays, 126 ,
129 ,
141 ,
153
Herrick, 81 ,
257 ,
338 ,
345 ,
354
Hertfordshire, pyramids in, 266
Hindu New Year, 322
Höfler, Dr., 288
Hogmanay, 328
Holda, Frau, 241
Holland, the “star” in, 152 ;
Martinmas in, 204 ;
Rommelpot in, 217 ;
St. Nicholas in, 219 ;
St. Thomas's Day in, 225
Holly, 272 ,
275
Holy Innocents’ Day, 127 ,
302 ,
306 ,
315
Horn-cakes, 202 ,
204
Hornchurch, boar's head at, 348
Horn-dance, 201
Horse, as a sacrificial animal, 200 ;
hobby-horse, hodening, and the Schimmel , 199 ;
customs on St. Stephen's Day, 311 p. 396
Howison, 234
Hubert, St., his Day, 202
Hunt, Leigh, 337
Huysmans, J. K., 93
Hymns, Latin, 31 ,
42
Iceland, “Yule host” in, 240
Image, Prof. Selwyn, 85
“In dulci jubilo,” 44
Incense used for purification, 183 ,
225 ,
244 ,
327
Ireland, Christmas carols in, 69 ;
All Souls’ Eve in, 192 ;
Hallowe'en customs in, 197 ;
Martinmas slaughter in, 203 ;
“hunting of the wren” in, 292 ;
Holy Innocents’ Day in, 315 ;
Epiphany in, 350
Italy, Christmas poetry in, 36 ,
67 ;
presepio in, 105 ,
112 ,
359 ;
Christmas drama in, 146 ,
152 ;
All Souls’ in, 192 ,
194 ;
Martinmas in, 204 ;
Christmas log in, 256 ;
Santa Lucia in, 278 ;
Christmas fare in, 287 ,
289 ;
Epiphany in, 343
Ivy, 272 ,
275
Jacopone da Todi, 36 ,
39 ,
146
James, St., Gospel of, 124
Jerome, St., 181
Jerusalem, Christmas at, 22 ,
94
John, St., Evangelist, his Day, 302 ,
314
Johnson, Lionel, 85
Johnson, Richard, 301
Jonson, Ben, 298
Julebuk , 202
Julian the Apostate, 23
Julklapp , 278
Kalends of January, the Roman festival, 24 ,
165 ,
167 ,
200 ,
269 ;
made a fast, 101 ,
170 .
See also New Year's Day
Kallikantzaroi , 244
Kindelwiegen , 108
King of the Bean, 180 ,
338
“Kissing-bunch,” 274
Kissling, K. G., 266
Klapperbock , 201
Klaubauf, 219
Klöpfelnächte , 216
Knecht Ruprecht, 220 ,
231
Kore, 21
Krampus, 219
Labruguière, Epiphany in, 342
Lake, Prof. K., 20 ,
24
La Monnoye, 62
Lancashire, Hallowe'en in, 198
Latin Christmas poetry, 31 ,
42 ,
63 ,
68
Lawson, Mr. J. C., 247 ,
301
Lead-pouring, 215 ,
237 ,
332
Leather, Mrs., 269 ,
346
Le Moigne, Lucas, 56
Libanius, 168 ,
269
Liberius, Pope, 107 ,
352
Lima, Christmas Eve at, 98
Lithuania, feast of the dead in, 195 ;
Log customs. See Yule log
Lombardy, Christmas log in, 256
London, Greek Epiphany ceremonies in, 103 ;
Italian Christmas in, 116 ,
291 ;
Christmas in, under Puritans, 185 ;
German Christmas in, 265 ;
Boy Bishop in, 306 ;
New Year in, 322 ,
327
Lord Mayor's day, 202
Lord of Misrule, 298
Lorraine, cake customs in, 287 ,
339
Lucia, St., her festival, 221 ,
268
Lucian, 166
Ludlow, Guy Fawkes Day at, 199
Lullabies, 51 ,
67 ,
83 ,
109
Luther, Martin, 70 ,
265
Lyme Regis, Candlemas at, 354
Macedonia, Christmas Eve in, 217 ;
New Year's Eve in, 226 ,
330 ,
332 ;
Kallikantzaroi in, 245 ;
folk-play in, 300 ;
Epiphany in, 344
Macée, Claude, 141
Madrid, 97 ,
153 ,
343
Magi in drama, 125 ,
128 ,
151 ;
Magic, 163
Man, Isle of, carol-singing in, 99 ;
Mana , 176
Mannhardt, W., 252 ,
313
Marguerite of Navarre, 141
Marseilles, “pastorals” at, 141
Martin of Braga, 272
Martin I., Pope, 203
Martinengo-Cesaresco, Countess, 106 ,
112 ,
142
Martinmas, an old winter festival, 173 ,
182 ,
200 ,
202 ;
its feasting customs, 202 ;
its bonfires, 204 ;
St. Martin as gift-bringer, and his relation to St. Nicholas, 205 ,
218 ,
277
Masking customs, 169 ,
175 ,
199 ,
206 ,
219 ,
230 ,
245 ,
297 ,
304 ,
352
Mass, Midnight, 94 ;
the three Christmas Masses, 94
Mechlin, Martinmas at, 206
Mellitus, Abbot, 179
Mexico, Christmas drama in, 154
Michaelmas, 173
Milan, Epiphany play at, 147
Milton, 82
Mince-pies, 284
Minnesingers, 36
“Misterio de los Reyes Magos,” 128
Mistletoe, 272 ,
276
Mistral, Frédéric, 255
Mithra, 23
Modranicht , 181
Monasticism and Christmas, 34
Mont-St.-Michel, Epiphany king at, 340
Montenegro, Christmas log customs in, 252
Morgan, Lady, 114
Morris, William, 85
Morris-dancers, 299
Mouthe, “De fructu” at, 288
Mummers’ plays, 297
Munich, Bavarian National Museum at, 107 ;
Christmas-tree at, 267 ;
St. Stephen's Day at, 312
Murillo, 65
Mythology, in relation to ritual, 164 ,
176
Naogeorgus, 111 ,
217 ,
353
Naples, zampognari at, 112 ;
presepio at, 113 ;
Christmas plays at, 150 ;
Epiphany at, 343
Natalis Invicti , 23 ,
165
New Year's Day, in Roman Empire, 24 ,
167 ,
276 ;
opposed in character to Christmas, 25 ;
Teutonic and Celtic, 25 ,
171 ,
189 ,
202 ;
Slav, 173 ;
January 1 made a fast, 101 ,
170 ;
customs attracted to January 1, 173 ,
189 ,
200 ,
321 ;
fire not given out, 170 ,
257 ;
charms, omens, and other customs, 182 ,
321 ;
presents, 168 ,
276 ;
mistletoe connected with, 276
Nicea, Council of, 22
Nicholas, St., his Day related to Martinmas, 173 ,
207 ,
277 ;
as patron of boys, 218 ,
220 ,
of sailors, 218 ,
221 ;
his festival, 218 ;
on Christmas Eve, 229
Noël , origin of the name, 22 ;
Normandy, “star-singing” in, 151 ;
Innocents’ Day in, 316 ;
Epiphany in, 349
Northamptonshire, St. Catherine's and St. Andrew's Days in, 213 ;
Northumberland, holly in, 275
Norway, Christmas established in, 21 ;
“star-singing” in, 151 ;
pre-Christian Yule festival in, 172 ;
animal masks in, 202 ;
Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235 ;
Yule candles in, 259
Notker, 32
Nottinghamshire, Hallowe'en customs in, 196 ;
Christmas cake and wassail-bowl in, 285
Nuremberg, Epiphany at, 342
Nuts, customs with, 195 ,
207
“O's,” Great, 92
Oak as a sacred tree, 254
Oberufer, Christmas play at, 143 ,
272
Ocaña, F. de, 65
Oesel, “Yule Boar” in, 288
Old Hob, 199 p. 398 Otfrid of Weissenburg, 42
Oxford, boars head at, 284
Palmer, Mr. F. H. E., 104
Parcae , 181
Paris, Christmas in, 98 ;
All Souls’ Eve in, 191 ;
St. Catherine's Day in, 213 ;
Christmas-tree in, 267 ;
New Year in, 277 ;
Feast of Fools in, 302
Paschal, Françoise, 61
Pasquier, Étienne, 339
Pearson, Dr. Karl, 161
Pellegrin, Abbé, 63
Pelzmärte, 206 ,
217
Perchta, 181 ,
241 ,
342
Perun, 254
Peterborough, St. Catherine's Day at, 213
Philocalian Calendar, 20
Pifferari , 112
Pillersee, Advent mummeries at, 218
Pliny, 273
Plough Monday, 300
Plum-pudding, 284
Plygain , 99
Poland, the “star” in, 152 ;
puppet-shows in, 153 ;
werewolves in, 246 ;
Christmas straw in, 276 ;
Christmas wafers in, 291
Polaznik , 231 ,
252 ,
323
Presents, at the Roman Kalends, 168 ,
276 ;
on All Souls’ Eve, 192 ;
at Martinmas, 205 ;
on St. Nicholas's Day, 218 ;
at Christmas, 183 ,
230 ,
277 ;
at New Year and other seasons, 277 ;
at Epiphany, 343
Presepio. See Crib
“Prophetae,” 127
Protestantism, effects of, on Christmas, 27 ,
70 ,
111 ,
138 ,
141 ,
185 ,
229
Provence, remains of Christmas drama in, 141 ,
154 ;
Christmas log in, 255 ;
Magi in, 344
Prudentius, 32
Puppet-plays, 153 f.
Purification, feast of the. See Candlemas
Puritans, their attitude towards Christmas, 77 ,
180 ,
184 ,
298
Pyramids, 266
Quainton, blossoming thorn at, 268
“Raging host,” 240 ,
242
Ragusa, Christmas log customs at, 252
Ramsgate, hodening at, 200
Rauchnächte , 225 ,
327
Rhys, Sir John, 189 ,
321 ,
325
Ripon, St. Clement's Day at, 212 ;
Yule candles at, 259 ;
Candlemas at, 354
Risano, Christmas log customs at, 252
Rolle, Richard, 48
Rome, Christmas established in, 20 ;
pagan winter festivals in, 23 ,
165 ;
Christmas services and customs in, 95 ,
112 ,
289 ;
mediaeval New Year quête in, 331
Rossetti, Christina, 85
Rouen, religious plays at, 124 ,
138
Roumania, the “star” in, 152 ;
Christmas drama in, 153 ;
St. Andrew's Eve in, 215 ;
Christmas songs in, 238 ;
Christmas fare in, 287 ,
291 ;
New Year in, 330 ;
Epiphany in, 342
Russia, Epiphany ceremonies in, 104 ,
246 ;
the “star” in, 152 ;
Christmas Eve in, 232 ,
237 ;
fire superstitions in, 253 ;
Christmas fare in, 287 ,
291 ;
Christmas games in, 294 ;
mummers in, 302 ;
New Year in, 333
Saboly, 62
Sacrifice, theories of, 174 ;
Salers, Christmas king at, 340
Samhain , 172 ,
204
Sant’ Andrea della Valle, Rome, 102
Santa Klaus, 220
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, 95 ,
107 ,
114
Saturnalia , 24 ,
113 ,
165 ,
180 ,
359
Schiller, 266
Schimmel and Schimmelreiter , 199 ,
206 ,
231
Schoolboys’ festival, 223 .
Scotland, Christmas carols in, 70 ;
Hallowe'en customs in, 197 ;
sowens eaten in, 285 ;
“first-foot” in, 325 ;
other New Year customs in, 326 ,
332 ;
Candlemas in, 354 p. 399
Sedulius, Coelius, 32
Sequences, 32
Serao, Matilde, 113
Serbs, Christmas customs of, 251 ,
341
Shakespeare, 239 ,
298
Shepherds in Christmas drama, 123 ,
132 ,
139
Shropshire, soul-cakes in, 192 ;
Guy Fawkes Day at Ludlow, 199 ;
Twelve Days superstitions in, 240 ,
258 ;
Christmas Brand in, 258 ;
Christmas decorations in, 275 ,
355 ;
“wigs” in, 285 ;
cattle specially fed at Christmas, 289 ;
morris-dancers in, 299 ;
New Year in, 324 ;
Candlemas in, 355
Sicily, Midnight Mass in, 98 ;
Christmas novena in, 112 ;
Christmas procession at Messina, 113 ;
Christmas plays in, 150 ;
All Souls’ Eve in, 192 ;
Martinmas in, 204 ;
St. Lucia's Eve in, 222 ;
presents in, 278 ;
Candlemas candles in, 353
Sidgwick, Mr. F., 6 ,
77
Sidgwick, Mrs. Alfred, 264
Silesia, Schimmel in, 200 ;
Martinmas in, 206 ;
Christmas Eve in, 232 ;
animals specially fed at Christmas, 289
Slav New Year, 172 ;
Christmas songs and customs, 237 ,
251 ,
290 ,
341 .
See also Bohemia, Crivoscia, Poland, Russia
Smith, W. Robertson, 164 ,
175 ,
178
Somersetshire wassailing, 345
Soul cakes, 192
South America, Christmas in, 98
Southwell, 79
Sowens eaten, 285 ,
325
Spain, Christmas poetry in, 65 ;
Spervogel, 42
Spinning, during Twelve Days, 240
Staffordshire, St. Clement's Day in, 211
“Star-singing,” 151
“Stella,” 125 ,
129
Stephen, St., his festival, 292 ,
302 ,
311
Stephens, Dean, 35
Stow's “Survay,” 272
Strasburg, early Christmas-trees at, 265
Strenae , 168 ,
277
Stubbes, Philip, 184 ,
298
Styles, Old and New, 268
Styria, Habergaiss in, 201 ;
Perchta in, 243 ;
St. John's wine in, 315
Sun, the, December 25
as festival of, 23 ;
Suso, 44
Sussex, squirrel-hunting in, 214 ;
tipteerers in, 298 ;
wassailing fruit-trees in, 345
Swabia, Pelzmärte in, 206 ,
217
Sweden, Christmas service in, 99 ;
“star-singing” in, 151 ;
animal masks in, 202 ;
St. Lucia's Day in, 221 ;
Christmas Eve superstitions in, 235 ;
Yule log in, 257 ;
Yule candles in, 259 ;
Christmas-trees in, 267 ,
270 ;
Yule straw in, 276 ;
Christmas presents in, 278 ;
pig's head eaten in, 286 ;
dances in, 293 ;
St. Stephen's Day in, 312 ,
315 ;
“St. Knut's Day” in, 351
Swinburne, 84
Swine as sacrificial animal, 284 ,
286
Switzerland, St. Nicholas in, 218 ;
Christmas-tree in, 267 ;
birds fed at Christmas, 289
Sword-dance, 294 ,
299
Sylvesterabend , 274 ,
322
Tacitus, 200 ,
299
Tate, Nahum, 84
Tauler, 43
Teme valley, “first-footing” in, 324
Tenby, Plygain at, 99 ;
St. Clement's Day at, 212
Tersteegen, Gerhard, 75
Tertullian, 269
Teutonic New Year, 171 ,
189 ,
202
Thomas of Celano, 38
Thomas, Mr. N. W., 293
Thomas, St., his festival, 223
“Thomassin’,” 226
Thurston, Mr. Edgar, 322
Tieck, 266 p. 400 Tille, Dr. A., 5 ,
110 ,
169 ,
172 ,
231 ,
268
Tipteerers, 298
Tolstoy's “War and Peace,” 302
Tomte Gubbe, 236
Tonquin, feast of the dead in, 195
Totemism, 175
Tours, Council of, 21 ,
101 ,
239
Towneley plays, 128 ,
134
Trees, sacred, 177 ,
254 ,
269 ;
flowering at Christmas, 268 ;
Christian symbols, 271
Trest, Epiphany at, 344
Trolls on Christmas Eve, 235
Troppau, Christmas Eve at, 232
Troubadours, 36
Tübingen, cradle-rocking at, 111
Tuscany, Christmas log in, 256
Tutilo of St. Gall, 123
Twelfth Night. See Epiphany
Twelve Days, declared a festal tide, 21 ,
239 ;
variously reckoned, 239 ;
supernatural visitors on, 239
Tylor, Dr. E. B., 191
Tynan, Katharine, 85
Tyrol, Midnight Mass in, 97 ;
the crib in, 107 ;
cradle-rocking in, 111 ;
Christmas drama in, 143 ;
“star-singing” in, 152 ;
All Souls in, 191 ,
194 ;
Klöpfelnächte in, 218 ;
St. Nicholas in, 220 ;
St. Lucia in, 223 ;
Christmas Eve in, 236 ,
346 ;
Berchta in, 243 ;
customs with fruit-trees in, 268 ;
Christmas pie in, 290 ,
345 ;
St. Stephen's Day in, 311 ;
St. John's Day in, 314 ;
Epiphany in, 337 ;
Carnival in, 349 ;
Purification candles in, 353
Ubeda, J. L. de, 65
Uist, South, “breast-strip” in, 328
United States, Santa Klaus in, 220 ;
Usedom, 201
Usener, H., 20 ,
107
Valdivielso, J. de, 65
Vampires, 215 ,
245
Vaughan, Henry, 81
Vega, Lope de, 149
Vegetation-cults, 177
Venetia, Martinmas in, 204 ,
207
Vessel-cup, 118
Villazopeque, 148
Vosges mountains, All Souls’ Eve in, 191
Wales, Christmas carols in, 69 ;
Plygain in, 99 ;
soul-cakes in, 193 ;
Hallowe'en in, 189 ,
196 ;
the “Mari Llwyd” in, 201 ;
“new water” carol in, 333 ;
Christmas football in, 349
Warnsdorf, St. Nicholas play at, 220
Wassail-bowl, 193 ,
285
Water, New Year, 332
Watts, Isaac, 83
Weather, ideas about, 203 ,
332
Weihnacht , origin of the name, 20
Werewolves, 246
Wesley, Charles, 84
Westermarck, Dr. E., 176
Westphalia, St. Thomas's Day in, 225
Whipping customs, 207 ,
315 ,
330
“Wild hunt,” 239
Wine, Martinmas, 204 ;
St. John's and St. Stephen's, 314
“Wish hounds,” 240
Wither, George, 83
Woden, 200 ,
206 ,
208 ,
231 ,
240
Women, their clothes worn by men at folk-festivals, 178 ,
301 ,
304 ;
Woolwich, St. Clement's and St. Catherine's Days at, 212
Worcestershire. St. Clement's Day in, 212 ;
Wormesley, Holy Thorn at, 269
Wren, hunting of, 292
Wylie, Miss I. A. R., 263
“Yeth hounds,” 240
York Minster, mistletoe at, 273 ;
York plays, 128 ,
131
Yorkshire, possible survival of the crib in, 118 ;
frumenty, ale posset, and Yule cakes in, 285 ;
“lucky bird” in, 325
Ypres, St. Martin at, 206
Yule, origin of the name, 25 ,
171
“Yule Boar,” 288
Yule log, 180 ,
245 ,
251 ,
344 ,
354
Next: Footnotes
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