Kathavatthu

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Kathāvatthu (Pāli) (abbrev. Kv, Kvu), translated as "Points of Controversy", is one of the seven books in the Abhidhamma Pitaka of the Pali Canon. The text contrasts the orthodox Theravada position on a range of issues to the heterodox views of various interlocutors; the latter are not identified in the primary source text, but were speculatively identified with specific schools of thought in the (historically subsequent) commentaries. The original text is putatively dated to coincide with the reign of King Ashoka (around 240 B.C.), but this, too, is debatable. Though the core of the text may have begun to take shape during Ashoka's reign, Bhikkhu Sujato notes that "the work as a whole cannot have been composed at that time, for it is the outcome of a long period of elaboration, and discusses many views of schools that did not emerge until long after the time of Aśoka."

Organization

The Kathavatthu documents over 200 points of contention. The debated points are divided into four paṇṇāsaka (lit., "group of 50"). Each paṇṇāsaka is again divided, into 20 chapters (vagga) in all. In addition, three more vagga follow the four paṇṇāsaka.

Each chapter contains questions and answers by means of which the most diverse views are presented, refuted and rejected. The form of the debates gives no identification of the participants, and does not step outside the debate to state explicitly which side is right.

The views deemed non-heretical by the commentary's interpretation of the Katthavatthu were embraced by the Theravada denomination. According to the Commentaries those whose views were rejected include the Sarvastivada.

Doctrinal positions

The text focuses on refuting the views of various Buddhist schools, these include:

• The views of the Pudgalavada school, which held that a 'person' exists as a real and ultimate fact and that it transmigrates from one life to the next.
• That a perfected being (Arhat) can fall away from perfection.
• The views of the Sarvastivadins, that "all [dharmas] exists" in the three times (past, present, future), a form of temporal eternalism.
• That an Arhat can have a nocturnal emission.
• That an Arhat may be lacking in knowledge, have doubts or be excelled by others.
• That the duration of an awareness event can last a day or more.
• That penetration and insight into the various stages of enlightenment is achieved gradually.
• That the Buddha's worldly speech was somehow supramundane.
• That all the powers of the Buddha are also possessed by his leading disciples.
• That a layperson can become an Arhat.
• That one can attain enlightenment at the moment of rebirth.
• That the four noble truths, the immaterial states, space, and dependent origination are unconditioned.
• That there is an intermediate state (Bardo) of existence
• That all dhammas last for only a moment (ksana).
• That all is due to Karma.
• That it ought not be said the monastic order accepts gifts.
• That the Buddha himself did not teach the dharma, but that it was taught by his magical creation.
• That one who has attained jhana continues to hear sound
• That the five gravest transgressions (matricide, patricide, etc.) involve immediate retribution even when committed unintentionally.
• That final liberation can be obtained without eliminating a certain fetter.

Interpretation

The debates are understood by the tradition, followed by many scholars, as disputes between different schools of Buddhism. However, L. S. Cousins, described by Professor Gombrich as the West's leading abhidhamma scholar, says:

"In spiritual traditions the world over, instructors have frequently employed apparent contradictions as part of their teaching method – perhaps to induce greater awareness in the pupil or to bring about a deeper and wider view of the subject in hand. The Pali Canon contains many explicit examples of such methods. (Indeed much of the Kathāvatthu makes better sense in these terms than as sectarian controversy.)"

Translations

The text was translated by C.A.F. Rhys Davids. There are two versions of this translation available:

• Kathāvatthu, SuttaCentral, translation by Rhys Davids.
• Points of Controversy, tr. S.Z. Aung & C.A.F. Rhys Davids (1915, 1993), Pali Text Society, Bristol.

Sources

• Geiger, Wilhelm (trans. fr. German by Batakrishna Ghosh) (2004). Pāli Literature and Language. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. ISBN 81-215-0716-2.
• Hinüber, Oskar von (2000). A Handbook of Pāli Literature. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-016738-7.
• McDermott, James P. (1975). "The Kathavatthu Kamma Debates" in the Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1975), pp. 424–433.